Chapter 4: Art that Challenges

Two weeks ago, we explored classical art that fits most people’s expectations. One may or may not like Michelangelo, Vermeer, Rembrandt or Caravaggio, but many people feel comfortable with what they are trying to do. But what about uncomfortable art? Have you ever struggled with art that doesn’t match your expectations? Maybe in this class? This week, we will explore more artists who broke the rules to follow their imaginations. Are you up for the encounter?

Challenging art often rebels against classical Convention. Remember that, as we said last night, classicism often supports and expresses the ethos of elite social castes through strict rules and conventions. But what happens when a classical model encounters resistance?

When we looked at DIdactic Art, we viewed Jacques-Louis David’s neo-classical celebration of Napoleon Bonaparte’s imperialist ambitions. His inspiring composition glorifies Napoleon’s 1800 crossing of the St. Bernard Pass between Switzerland and Italy which led to decisive victories over the Austrians. David drenches his painting with Napoleonic gloire, showing the general astride a rising steed, The technique reflects all the lessons learned since the Renaissance: Perspective (visual art), lighting, Foreshortening.

Jacques-Louis David. (1802). Napoleon Crossing Saint Bernhard Pass. Francisco Goya. (1814). Third of May, 1808. Oil on canvas.

A dozen years later, the Spanish painter Francisco Goya portrayed a very different aspect of Napoleon’s conquests. Now, Goya was a favored court painter in Madrid. Normally, he used traditional Neo-Classical technique. However, in this revolutionary painting, he captured his people’s resistance to and suffering Napoleon’s invading army. The image commemorates the mass execution of participants in an uprising against French rule. Goya’s horror is reflected in the work’s wholly revolutionary technique. He instinctively blunts the meticulous brushwork and modeling expected of Academic Art and allows the paint to speak for itself. This work is seen by many as a gateway to the modern, anticipating this week’s themes and techniques.

Akhenaten, Unconventional Pharaoh

We have mentioned that the Egyptian obedience to a set of conventions remained unchanged for thousands of years. However, in the 14th Century BCE, a highly unconventional king named Akhenaten became Pharaoh. Akhenaten had startlingly new ideas and ideologies, including a reformed religious vision that exalted a Sun God as a nearly monotheistic divinity.

Pharaoh Akhenaten. (14th C. BCE) Sandstone Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Solar Disc. (c.1360 B.C)  Nefertiti. (c.1335 BCE). Painted limestone.

Out of this ideological change grew a remarkable new Amarna style of art. Images of the king are more individuated, even unflattering, depicting a fairly homely man with a thin neck and large nose. The forms within the images are amazingly original: graceful arcs and curves delineating limbs that seem to be in motion. For many people today, the famous bust of Nefertiti, Akhenaten’s wife, is an iconic example of Egyptian art. Yet it is actually very different from the traditional style, an exercise in Amarna elegance that plays well with modern tastes.

All classicisms breed rebellions. Many remain resilient. Akhenaten’s ideological, religious, and aesthetic rebellion evaporated at his death as Egypt swung back to old ways.

References

Bust of Queen Nefertiti [Statue].  (ca. 1348-1335 BCE). Berlin, Germany: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. ARTstor  https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_31676130.

David, J-L. (1800-1801). Napoleon Crossing the Alps: the Great Saint Bernard Pass [Painting]. Versailles, France: Château de Versailles.  ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AHSC_ORPHANS_1071314149.

Goya, F. (1814). Third of May, 1808 [Painting]. Madrid, Spain: Museo del Prado. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/LESSING_ART_1039490451.

Pharaoh Akhenaten [Statue]. (14th Century BCE) Cairo: Egyptian Museum. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_31676114.

Stele with Akhenaten, Nefertiti & Daughters Blessed by Solar Disc. [Frieze]. (c.1360 B.C.E.). Berlin, Germany: Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. ARTstor https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.bethel.edu/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000133890.

 

 

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Encounters With the Arts: Readings for ARTC150 Copyright © 2020 by Dr. Mark Thorson. All Rights Reserved.

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